Make Your Own Flash Paper (Nitrocellulose)

If youre a chemistry enthusiast with an interest in fire or history (or both), you probably ought to know how to make your own nitrocellulose. Nitrocellulose is also known as guncotton or flashpaper, depending on its intended purpose. Magicians and illusionists use flash paper for a fire special effect. The exact same material is called guncotton and may be used as a propellant for firearms and rockets. Nitrocellulose was used as a film base for movies and x-rays. It may be mixed with acetone to make nitrocellulose lacquer, which was used on automobiles, aircraft, and musical instruments. One unsuccessful use of nitrocellulose was to make faux ivory billiard balls. The camphored nitrocellulose (celluloid) balls would sometimes explode upon impact, producing a sound much like that of a gunshot. As you might imagine, this didnt go over well in gunslinger saloons with pool tables. Its unlikely you will want to make your own exploding billiard balls, but you might want to try nitrocellulose as a model rocket propellant, as flash paper, or as a lacquer base. Nitrocellulose is extremely easy to make, but be sure to read through the instructions carefully before proceeding. As far as safety goes: Any protocol which involves strong acids should be performed by qualified persons wearing proper safety gear. Nitrocellulose cannot be stored for long periods of time, as it gradually decomposes into a flammable powder or goo (which is why many old films have not survived to the present day). Nitrocellulose has a low autoignition temperature, so keep it away from heat or flame (until you are ready to activate it). It does not require oxygen to burn, so once it ignites you cannot put out the fire with water. With all that in mind, heres how you make it. Key Takeaways: Make Nitrocellulose or Flash Paper Nitrocellulose is a highly flammable polymer. It is also known as flash paper, guncotton, or flash string.All you need to do to make nitrocellulose is treat cellulose with nitric acid or any other strong nitrating agent. The cellulose can come from paper, cotton, wood, or other plant matter.Nitrocellulose was first made by Alexander Parkes in 1862. This was the first man-made plastic, which was named Parkesine.While useful as a plastic, nitrocellulose is equally popular for its flammability. Flash paper burns almost instantaneously and leaves no ash residue. Nitrocellulose Materials Christian Friedrich Schà ¶nbeins procedure has been widely used. It calls for 1 part cotton to 15 parts acid. concentrated nitric acidconcentrated sulfuric acidcotton balls (almost pure cellulose) Nitrocellulose Preparation Chill the acids below 0 °C.In a fume hood, mix equal parts nitric and sulfuric acid in a beaker.Drop cotton balls into the acid. You can tamp them down using a glass stirring rod. Dont use metal.Allow the nitration reaction to proceed for about 15 minutes (Schà ¶nbeins time was 2 minutes), then run cold tap water into the beaker to dilute the acid. Allow the water to run for a while.Turn off the water and add a bit of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to the beaker. The sodium bicarbonate will bubble as it neutralizes the acid.Using a glass rod or gloved finger, swirl around the cotton and add more sodium bicarbonate. You can rinse with more water. Continue adding sodium bicarbonate and washing the nitrated cotton until bubbling is no longer observed. Careful removal of the acid will greatly enhance the stability of the nitrocellulose.Rinse the nitrated cellulose with tap water and allow it to dry in a cool location. Shreds of nitrocellulose will burst into flame if exposed to the heat of a burner or a match. It doesnt take much (either heat or nitrocellulose), so dont get carried away! If you want actual flash paper, you can nitrate ordinary paper (which is primarily cellulose) in the same manner as cotton. Chemistry of Making Nitrocellulose Nitrating cellulose proceeds as nitric acid and cellulose react to produce cellulose nitrate and water. 3HNO3 C6H10O5 → C6H7(NO2)3O5 3H2O Sulfuric acid is not required to nitrate the cellulose, but it acts as a catalyst to produce the nitronium ion, NO2. The first order reaction proceeds via electrophilic substitution at the C-OH centers of the cellulose molecules. Sources Braconnot, Henri (1833). De la transformation de plusieurs substances và ©gà ©tales en un principe nouveau. [On the transformation of several vegetable substances into a new substance]. Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 52: 290–294.Pelouze, Thà ©ophile-Jules (1838). Sur les produits de laction de lacide nitrique concentrà © sur lamidon et le ligneux. [On the products of the action of concentrated nitric acid on starch and wood]. Comptes Rendus. 7: 713–715.Schà ¶nbein, Christian Friedrich (1846). Ueber Schiesswolle [On guncotton]. Bericht à ¼ber die Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel. 7: 27.Urbanski, Tadeusz (1965). Chemistry and Technology of Explosives. 1. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 20–21.

Water and Human Rights by Barbara Johnston - 1006 Words

Barbara Johnston mentions in â€Å"Water and Human Rights† how dams are supposed to regulate water and make water more accessible for humans and their communities and project energy and economic goals. Yet, the building of dams has not done any of those following goals and has showed more of a decline than an increase in those areas (Johnston, 445). In addition, Johnston mentions how 60% of the rivers were dammed making an extreme impact on the extinction of 30% of the worlds freshwater fish (Johnston, 445). Other problems faced due to the dam construction other than extinction of freshwater fish would be the displacement and severe poverty of 80 million people around the world, majority being from indigenous and ethnic minorities (Johnston, 445). Another problem that is brought up by Johnston is the privatization of water and how water should not be privatized. Johnston mentions water is a human right and that when building dams the water is automatically privatized and the p eople who were displaced do not get any of the dam water, the water that they get is contaminated and not healthy for human living (Johnston, 449). This is happening and has happened in numerous countries, the ones that Johnston mentions, China, Turkey, Africa, and Chile, are just a few of them. Johnston agrees that the clean water from dams does some good for people, but the lack of distribution, the displacement, and extinction of animals/fish are negative effects seen when looking at everythingShow MoreRelatedEssay Hydro-Politics Along the Jordan River5715 Words   |  23 PagesHydro-Politics Along the Jordan River One of the most important yet under-appreciated conflicts in the Middle East is over water resources along the Jordan River. 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A New Orgnization In Tampa Free Essays

The new organization in Tampa, Florida is very diverse but interrelated medical practice for multiple reasons but mainly through the physicians that have combined to create this practice. The three well-established physicians that combined to form the new organization are an obstetrician, a gynecologist, and an urologist. The relationships that are formed through this group of physicians and staff are important when detailing vertical and horizontal dimensions. We will write a custom essay sample on A New Orgnization In Tampa or any similar topic only for you Order Now The vertical dimensions of this organization would be the upward and downward channels of communication, decision making, and the direction of activities taking place. Employing the appropriate staff for each physician is vital for smooth and accurate business. Staffing must include schedulers, billing department, nursing staff, etc. Having a business manager to keep the business operations and staff organized is vital in the vertical chain of command. In this case, a liaison is appointed to the medical staff that the physicians can depend on to ensure smooth coordination between organizations and within the medical building/hospital. The horizontal dimensions of this organization are in place to keep each specialist a unit in one medical building but also very specific to their different practices. A prime example of horizontal dimension is the obstetrician needing a nurse practitioner specifically in the practice to ensure that the help that is needed is supplied. Combining similar physicians is convenient for their clientele/patients but it is also very important that the division is present so that the organization is in place. Authority and Responsibility relationships that are present in this new organization are obviously apparent through the specialists that are collaborating to form a practice. More specifically, the authority is present within the people that’s main purpose is to give orders and oversee activities. For example, the liaison that tends to the hospital and the physicians as well as the office manager that oversees the staff and business productions. The responsibility side of this organization is entirely up to the office staff as well as the physicians to follow close instructions and show the responsibility that is vital in a successful business operation. In this particular practice, I believe that an organic organization is suitable. Having a few rules and procedures as well as a small number of organizational levels and ranks would be ideal for this new organization. By organizing the office in this way it will give more responsibility to a few people that can work together to keep everything very structured and uncomplicated. By creating a triangle that amplifies the most important roles with responsible supervision I feel that everyone would be held accountable. The differentiations of this organization are the various elements that are present through the roles each person takes. Multiple physicians, the nursing staff, and office staff are all important parts in what the differentials in this organization consist of. Knowing what the responsibilities are and what is expected helps to differentiate positions. Integration within this organization recognizes that there are specialized units that all have to work together in sync to benefit the overall well-being of the practice. The nursing staff must work hand in hand with the physicians to ensure the support is needed to provide the best care. The office and insurance staff must work hand in hand to ensure that the business runs smoothly as well as creates revenue. How to cite A New Orgnization In Tampa, Papers

Egypt and Sumer Civilizations Compare and Contrast free essay sample

Civilizations Two of the greatest civilizations were Egypt and Sumer. Both civilizations had similarities, but also had their differences just like everything in life. They had similar beliefs on gods controlling everything in their lives. Also, these two civilizations were the first ones to make up a writing system. Even though both civilizations were the first, their writing was very different from each other. They had similar hierarchy and both invented important things that benefit us until today. Egypt and Sumerian civilizations had many things in common, but they also had some differences. These are the Similarities of the Egypt and Sumer civilizations. Both civilizations believed in powerful gods. There were an incredible number of Gods and Goddesses in the civilization of Egypt. Gods and Goddesses were superior from everyone else in the civilization. Just like the Egyptian civilization, the Sumer civilizations had Gods and Goddesses above everyone, but also there was the ruling family. We will write a custom essay sample on Egypt and Sumer Civilizations Compare and Contrast or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both, Sumerian and Egyptian civilizations believed that gods controlled everything that happened to them. Let’s not forget that even though they were the first ones to make a writing system up, their writings were different. The Egyptian writing was called hieroglyphic and the Sumerian writing was called cuneiform. Hieroglyphic was a more complex writing then the cuneiform writing. Cuneiform was just pictures that represented words. Egyptians wrote on papyrus, like the paper we use today. Unlike the Egyptians the Sumer civilization wrote on clay tablets. Their writings were very different from each other. Egypt and Sumer civilizations invented important things that benefit us in today’s activities. Sumer civilization invented the wheel. Used for transportation and helping them to get places faster. Also, it was used to move heavy things in an easier way. Egypt civilization invented the sailboat. Used for transportation and trading on the Nile River. Without the wheel and sail boat this world wouldn’t be the same. The Egyptian and Sumerian civilizations were both important to our world today. Both civilizations invented great things that benefit us in today’s world. Even if their writings weren’t the same, they were the first civilizations to ever make a writing system. Of course they had their differences, but both of them helped us develop great things today and that’s one of the greatest similarities they have. Egypt and Sumer were not fully similar, but they still helped us in many ways.